import Foundation

/// Turns a mutation into a filesystem operation — the single point through which every write
/// the app makes reaches disk (02-architecture.md § Layering ▸ Components). Stateless by
/// construction: there is no in-flight buffer, no queue, no coalescing. **A write is done when
/// the rename completes**, and a failed write is a failure the caller sees, so views — which
/// render only what is on disk — can never show phantom state (02-architecture.md §
/// Write-failure surfacing).
///
/// Four rules from 01-storage-format.md live here and are not negotiable per call site:
///
/// - **Atomic writes** (§ Fractal layout ▸ Rules): temp file, rename over `index.md`. Every
///   write, no exceptions — a reader (this app's watcher, an agent, git) never sees a partial
///   file, and a crash mid-write leaves the previous content intact.
/// - **Round-trip, never re-serialize**: mutations go through `FrontmatterDocument`, which
///   edits by line span, so unknown keys and their order, comments, blank lines, line endings,
///   and the body survive every write by construction rather than by remembering to preserve
///   them.
/// - **`modified` stamped, `modified-by` cleared** (§ Frontmatter): on every app-mediated write
///   path. Absence of `modified-by` means "the board's user, via the app"; the file is being
///   rewritten anyway, so clearing an external writer's self-reported stamp costs nothing.
/// - **Encoding** (§ Fractal layout ▸ Rules): writes are BOM-less UTF-8; reads are strict
///   UTF-8, and a file that does not decode is a loud, specific error rather than a
///   lossy best guess.
public enum BoardWriter: Sendable {

    // MARK: - The uniform per-file mutation

    /// Rewrites one item's `index.md`: read fresh, refuse what cannot be edited, apply `edits`,
    /// stamp, write atomically.
    ///
    /// The order of the four steps is the contract:
    ///
    /// 1. **Read fresh from disk**, never from a snapshot. The snapshot a caller is holding may
    ///    be seconds stale — an agent or a hand-editor may have rewritten the file since — and
    ///    the round-trip guarantee is only worth anything against the bytes actually there.
    /// 2. **Refuse an uneditable shape before `edits` runs** (`FrontmatterDocument.uneditableShape`):
    ///    the settled readable-but-uneditable rule. Such a file loads and renders fine, but a
    ///    surgical edit of it cannot be expressed, so the write fails loudly instead of
    ///    corrupting it. Refusing up front also means `edits` never observes a document it
    ///    cannot affect.
    /// 3. **`edits`, then the stamps** — `modified` set and `modified-by` removed *after* the
    ///    caller's closure, so the stamp always wins over anything the closure did with those
    ///    two keys, and no call site has to remember them.
    /// 4. **Atomic replace.**
    ///
    /// The **one path that deliberately bypasses this** is the card window's raw-source Apply
    /// (05-card-window.md): it writes the user's text byte-for-byte and does *not* clear a
    /// `modified-by` the user typed or kept — the validated-then-verbatim contract outranks the
    /// clearing rule (01-storage-format.md § Frontmatter). That path goes through
    /// `atomicReplace` directly; it does not belong here.
    public static func updateIndex(
        inItemFolder folder: URL,
        operation: String,
        edits: (inout FrontmatterDocument) -> Void
    ) throws(BoardWriteError) {
        let indexURL = folder.appendingPathComponent(BoardLoader.indexFileName)
        var document = try readDocument(at: indexURL, operation: operation)
        try checkEditable(document, at: indexURL, operation: operation)

        edits(&document)
        document.set(FrontmatterKeys.modified, to: .date(Date()))
        document.remove(FrontmatterKeys.modifiedBy)

        try atomicReplace(text: document.serialized(), at: indexURL, operation: operation)
    }

    // MARK: - Atomic replace

    /// Writes `text` over `fileURL` atomically: a hidden temp file in the **same directory**,
    /// then a rename over the destination.
    ///
    /// Same directory because a rename is only atomic within one filesystem — a temp in
    /// `NSTemporaryDirectory()` could land on another volume and degrade to a copy. Dot-prefixed
    /// (`.index.md.lanework-<uuid>`) because `BoardLoader.directoryCandidates` skips hidden
    /// entries: residue from a crashed write is invisible to a load rather than a stray warning
    /// or, worse, a candidate. The UUID keeps concurrent writers off each other's temp file.
    ///
    /// `Data(text.utf8)` is BOM-less UTF-8 by construction — the encoding contract, with no
    /// encoder to configure and no failure case to handle. On any failure the temp file is
    /// removed best-effort and `.io` is thrown: the destination is either the old bytes or the
    /// new ones, never a mix, and never a directory littered with half-written files.
    static func atomicReplace(text: String, at fileURL: URL, operation: String) throws(BoardWriteError) {
        let directory = fileURL.deletingLastPathComponent()
        let tempURL = directory.appendingPathComponent(".\(fileURL.lastPathComponent).lanework-\(UUID().uuidString)")

        do {
            try Data(text.utf8).write(to: tempURL)
        } catch {
            try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tempURL)
            throw BoardWriteError(
                operation: operation,
                path: fileURL.path,
                reason: .io(message: "could not write temporary file: \(error.localizedDescription)")
            )
        }

        // POSIX `rename` rather than `FileManager.replaceItemAt`: it atomically overwrites an
        // existing destination *and* handles one that does not exist yet (the create paths),
        // without inventing a second temp file of its own.
        let status = tempURL.withUnsafeFileSystemRepresentation { source in
            fileURL.withUnsafeFileSystemRepresentation { destination in
                guard let source, let destination else { return EINVAL }
                return rename(source, destination) == 0 ? 0 : errno
            }
        }
        guard status == 0 else {
            try? FileManager.default.removeItem(at: tempURL)
            throw BoardWriteError(
                operation: operation,
                path: fileURL.path,
                reason: .io(message: "could not replace file: \(String(cString: strerror(status)))")
            )
        }
    }

    // MARK: - Create

    /// Creates a new board: the folder (if it does not already exist) and its `index.md` — the
    /// write side of `.kanban` packaging (01-storage-format.md § Document packaging). Two
    /// callers: template instantiation, which passes the user-chosen document name as `title`
    /// so the window title and the Finder name start out matching (§ Board naming), and a bare
    /// "New Board" flow, which passes `nil` and lets the UI fall back to the folder name.
    ///
    /// - `rootURL` is created if missing (`withIntermediateDirectories: true`); an existing
    ///   *empty* folder is simply filled in, since that is exactly what an interrupted create or
    ///   a hand-made folder looks like.
    /// - **Refuses to clobber an existing board**: if `index.md` is already there, the call
    ///   fails `.io` naming the path and the existing file is never touched — a create must
    ///   never overwrite a board that already exists.
    /// - `title == nil` writes no `title` key at all — the folder-name fallback (§ Board
    ///   naming) is a *missing* key, not an empty string, which would be a real (if blank) title.
    /// - Key order: `schema`, `title` (only when supplied), `created`, `modified`. No `order` —
    ///   that field belongs to lanes and cards, never the board root.
    /// - Extension-less board folders are exactly as legal a target as a `.kanban`-suffixed one
    ///   (§ Document packaging, "Extension-less board folders still open") — this call never
    ///   looks at `rootURL`'s extension.
    public static func createBoard(at rootURL: URL, title: String?) throws(BoardWriteError) {
        let operation = "create board"
        let indexURL = rootURL.appendingPathComponent(BoardLoader.indexFileName)

        guard !FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: indexURL.path) else {
            throw BoardWriteError(operation: operation, path: indexURL.path, reason: .io(message: "a board already exists here"))
        }

        do {
            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: rootURL, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
        } catch {
            throw BoardWriteError(
                operation: operation,
                path: rootURL.path,
                reason: .io(message: "could not create board folder: \(error.localizedDescription)")
            )
        }

        try atomicReplace(text: newDocumentText(title: title, order: nil), at: indexURL, operation: operation)
    }

    /// Creates a lane in a board: mints a fresh lowercase-UUIDv4 folder directly under
    /// `rootURL`, appends it after the board's current visible lanes, and writes its
    /// `index.md`. Returns the new identity. See `createChild(inParent:title:operation:)` for
    /// the shared mechanics.
    public static func createLane(inBoard rootURL: URL, title: String?) throws(BoardWriteError) -> ItemID {
        try createChild(inParent: rootURL, title: title, operation: "create lane")
    }

    /// Creates a card in a lane: mints a fresh lowercase-UUIDv4 folder directly under
    /// `laneURL`, appends it after the lane's current visible cards, and writes its `index.md`.
    /// Returns the new identity. See `createChild(inParent:title:operation:)` for the shared
    /// mechanics.
    public static func createCard(inLane laneURL: URL, title: String?) throws(BoardWriteError) -> ItemID {
        try createChild(inParent: laneURL, title: title, operation: "create card")
    }

    /// The shared body of `createLane`/`createCard` — a lane under a board and a card under a
    /// lane are the same operation one level apart (01-storage-format.md § Fractal layout,
    /// "Level is position"): check the parent, place the new identity after the current visible
    /// siblings, mint it, write its file.
    ///
    /// - **The parent must already exist as a directory.** Anything else — missing, or a file
    ///   where a folder belongs — is a loud `.unreadable` naming `parentFolder` up front, never
    ///   a silent `mkdir` into a broken location.
    /// - **Order is `max + 1024` among visible siblings** (`Ranks.append(toVisible:)`), read by
    ///   `visibleSiblings(of:operation:)` — the identical strict scan `renumberVisibleChildren`
    ///   uses, so the two can never disagree about who counts as a sibling. An empty parent's
    ///   first child lands at `1024`, the board convention (01-storage-format.md § Ordering).
    /// - **Two-step creation is inherent, not a shortcut taken here**: the folder is created,
    ///   then `index.md` is written, as two separate filesystem operations — there is no atomic
    ///   "create a directory with content already in it" primitive to reach for. A crash between
    ///   the two leaves a UUID-shaped folder with no `index.md`, exactly the shape
    ///   `BoardLoader`'s `.missingIndex` skip-and-warn rule (and `visibleSiblings`'s own
    ///   `fileExists` check) already tolerate — see that type's doc comment.
    private static func createChild(
        inParent parentFolder: URL,
        title: String?,
        operation: String
    ) throws(BoardWriteError) -> ItemID {
        try checkIsDirectory(parentFolder, operation: operation)

        let siblings = try visibleSiblings(of: parentFolder, operation: operation, requireEditable: false)
        let order = Ranks.append(toVisible: siblings.map(\.order))

        let folder = try mintUUIDFolder(in: parentFolder, operation: operation)
        let indexURL = folder.appendingPathComponent(BoardLoader.indexFileName)
        try atomicReplace(text: newDocumentText(title: title, order: order), at: indexURL, operation: operation)

        return ItemID(rawValue: folder.lastPathComponent)
    }

    /// The frontmatter text for a file the app is minting outright — never a rewrite, so this
    /// goes through `FrontmatterDocument(body:)` and `set`, not `updateIndex`: there is no prior
    /// document to read fresh, refuse an uneditable shape from, or stamp over. `created` and
    /// `modified` share one `Date()` so the two stamps are identical, not merely close;
    /// `modified-by` is never written, matching the engine's absence-means-app-authored
    /// convention (§ Frontmatter). Key order — `schema`, `title` (only when supplied), `order`
    /// (only when supplied — `nil` for a board, always present for a lane/card), `created`,
    /// `modified` — is simply the order `set` is called in, since each call appends a fresh key
    /// before the closing delimiter of an otherwise-empty document.
    private static func newDocumentText(title: String?, order: Double?) -> String {
        var document = FrontmatterDocument(body: "")
        document.set(FrontmatterKeys.schema, to: .int(BoardLoader.supportedSchema))
        if let title {
            document.set(FrontmatterKeys.title, to: .string(title))
        }
        if let order {
            document.set(FrontmatterKeys.order, to: .double(order))
        }
        let now = Date()
        document.set(FrontmatterKeys.created, to: .date(now))
        document.set(FrontmatterKeys.modified, to: .date(now))
        return document.serialized()
    }

    /// A fresh lowercase-UUIDv4 folder under `parentFolder` — the folder-naming convention
    /// itself (01-storage-format.md § Fractal layout ▸ Rules, "Folder names are lowercase
    /// UUIDv4"). `UUID().uuidString` is uppercase; `.lowercased()` is what makes the name match
    /// `BoardLoader.isUUIDShaped`, which is case-sensitive by design. A freshly minted UUID
    /// already existing is astronomically unlikely — 122 bits of randomness per mint — but
    /// checked for and re-minted anyway rather than assumed away; the loop body is trivial
    /// precisely because the case it handles essentially never fires.
    private static func mintUUIDFolder(in parentFolder: URL, operation: String) throws(BoardWriteError) -> URL {
        var candidate: URL
        repeat {
            candidate = parentFolder.appendingPathComponent(UUID().uuidString.lowercased(), isDirectory: true)
        } while FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: candidate.path)

        do {
            try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: candidate, withIntermediateDirectories: false)
        } catch {
            throw BoardWriteError(
                operation: operation,
                path: candidate.path,
                reason: .io(message: "could not create folder: \(error.localizedDescription)")
            )
        }
        return candidate
    }

    /// The parent-exists check `createChild` runs before touching the filesystem any further —
    /// shared instead of folded into `createChild` because "does this folder exist" has nothing
    /// to do with siblings or minting, and inlining it would bury the one thing a caller most
    /// needs to see at a glance: a missing or wrong-shaped parent is rejected before anything
    /// else happens.
    private static func checkIsDirectory(_ url: URL, operation: String) throws(BoardWriteError) {
        var isDirectory: ObjCBool = false
        guard FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: url.path, isDirectory: &isDirectory) else {
            throw BoardWriteError(operation: operation, path: url.path, reason: .unreadable(message: "parent folder does not exist"))
        }
        guard isDirectory.boolValue else {
            throw BoardWriteError(operation: operation, path: url.path, reason: .unreadable(message: "parent is not a directory"))
        }
    }

    // MARK: - Renumber

    /// Renumbers a parent's visible children to whole multiples of 1024 — the renumber fallback
    /// for exhausted midpoint precision (01-storage-format.md § Ordering), and **the sole
    /// exception to "a reorder rewrites only the moved item"**. Uniform across levels: the
    /// parent is a lane (renumbering its cards) or the board root (renumbering its lanes).
    ///
    /// - **Runs over loaded, valid children** (`visibleSiblings(of:operation:)`): one that fails
    ///   to parse, or that lacks a usable `order`, fails the whole operation before anything is
    ///   written. A renumber is bookkeeping inside a user action that already succeeded in
    ///   principle — it must not be the thing that discovers a broken sibling halfway through
    ///   rewriting the lane.
    /// - **Display order is the assignment order** (`Ranks.isOrderedForDisplay`: `order`
    ///   ascending, folder name breaking ties) — the same rule the loader sorts by, so a
    ///   renumber is guaranteed to be sequence-preserving: nothing visibly moves.
    ///
    /// Each child's rewrite is atomic; the batch is not. An interrupted renumber leaves some
    /// siblings renumbered and some not — every `order` still a valid float, display order
    /// still deterministic, and the next renumber finishes the job. That is the accepted cost
    /// noted in § Ordering, which the deterministic tie-break exists to make harmless.
    public static func renumberVisibleChildren(of parentFolder: URL) throws(BoardWriteError) {
        let operation = "renumber children"
        let visible = try visibleSiblings(of: parentFolder, operation: operation, requireEditable: true)

        let ordered = Ranks.sortedForDisplay(visible, order: { $0.order }, name: { $0.folder.lastPathComponent })
        for (child, rank) in zip(ordered, Ranks.renumbered(count: ordered.count)) {
            try updateIndex(inItemFolder: child.folder, operation: operation) { document in
                document.set(FrontmatterKeys.order, to: .double(rank))
            }
        }
    }

    /// The strict visible-sibling scan shared by `renumberVisibleChildren` and the create
    /// operations' order assignment — extracted into one place so the two can never disagree
    /// about who counts as a sibling. Walks `parentFolder`'s UUID-shaped children holding an
    /// `index.md` (`BoardLoader.directoryCandidates`/`isUUIDShaped` — the same level-detection
    /// rule the loader uses), each parsed strictly:
    ///
    /// - **Tombstones are inert to ordering** (§ Deletion): a child whose `deleted` key is
    ///   *present* is not counted — presence, not validity, is the test, exactly as
    ///   `Lane`/`Card.isDeleted` reads it (an explicit `deleted: null` is absence to both).
    /// - **Strays are untouched**: non-UUID-shaped folders, and UUID-shaped folders without an
    ///   `index.md` (an interrupted two-step create — the loader's own `.missingIndex` warning
    ///   tolerates exactly this), are skipped here for the same reasons `BoardLoader` skips them.
    /// - A visible sibling's missing or malformed `order` fails the *whole* operation, naming
    ///   that sibling's file, before anything is written — the same discover-before-you-write
    ///   guarantee `renumberVisibleChildren`'s batch depends on.
    /// - `requireEditable` scopes the readable-but-uneditable pre-flight to the caller that
    ///   will actually *rewrite* the siblings: renumber passes `true` (it must not discover an
    ///   unwritable sibling halfway through the batch), the creates pass `false` — a create
    ///   only *reads* its siblings' orders, and a flow-mapping sibling that loads and renders
    ///   normally (01-storage-format.md § Frontmatter) must not block creating a new item
    ///   beside it.
    private static func visibleSiblings(
        of parentFolder: URL,
        operation: String,
        requireEditable: Bool
    ) throws(BoardWriteError) -> [(folder: URL, order: Double)] {
        let candidates: [URL]
        do {
            candidates = try BoardLoader.directoryCandidates(in: parentFolder)
        } catch {
            throw BoardWriteError(
                operation: operation,
                path: parentFolder.path,
                reason: .unreadable(message: error.description)
            )
        }

        var visible: [(folder: URL, order: Double)] = []
        for folder in candidates where BoardLoader.isUUIDShaped(folder.lastPathComponent) {
            let indexURL = folder.appendingPathComponent(BoardLoader.indexFileName)
            guard FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: indexURL.path) else { continue }

            let document = try readDocument(at: indexURL, operation: operation)
            guard document.deleted.isMissing else { continue }
            if requireEditable {
                try checkEditable(document, at: indexURL, operation: operation)
            }

            switch document.order {
            case .missing:
                throw BoardWriteError(
                    operation: operation,
                    path: indexURL.path,
                    reason: .unreadable(message: "missing required 'order' field")
                )
            case let .malformed(raw):
                throw BoardWriteError(
                    operation: operation,
                    path: indexURL.path,
                    reason: .unreadable(message: "malformed 'order' field: \(raw)")
                )
            case let .valid(order):
                visible.append((folder: folder, order: order))
            }
        }
        return visible
    }

    // MARK: - Reading

    /// Reads and parses an `index.md` for rewriting. **Strict, byte-faithful UTF-8**:
    /// `String(validating:as:)` rejects malformed sequences outright and — unlike Foundation's
    /// NSString-backed decoders — does not silently swallow a leading BOM, which would turn a
    /// rewrite of a BOM'd file into a whole-file byte change. A file that does not decode, or
    /// whose frontmatter does not parse, is `.unreadable` with the specifics: the app declines
    /// to write a file it cannot round-trip (01-storage-format.md § Fractal layout ▸ Rules).
    private static func readDocument(at url: URL, operation: String) throws(BoardWriteError) -> FrontmatterDocument {
        let data: Data
        do {
            data = try Data(contentsOf: url)
        } catch {
            throw BoardWriteError(
                operation: operation,
                path: url.path,
                reason: .unreadable(message: "could not read file: \(error.localizedDescription)")
            )
        }

        guard let text = String(validating: data, as: UTF8.self) else {
            throw BoardWriteError(operation: operation, path: url.path, reason: .unreadable(message: "file is not UTF-8"))
        }

        do {
            return try FrontmatterDocument.parse(text)
        } catch {
            throw BoardWriteError(operation: operation, path: url.path, reason: .unreadable(message: error.description))
        }
    }

    private static func checkEditable(
        _ document: FrontmatterDocument,
        at url: URL,
        operation: String
    ) throws(BoardWriteError) {
        if let shape = document.uneditableShape {
            throw BoardWriteError(operation: operation, path: url.path, reason: .uneditableFrontmatter(shape))
        }
    }
}

// MARK: - Error

/// A write that did not happen, said out loud: which operation, which file, and why —
/// the vocabulary 02-architecture.md § Write-failure surfacing renders in the banner
/// ("Couldn't move 'Fix login' — disk full"). Nothing here is swallowed or retried behind the
/// user's back; a one-shot action fails once and waits for them to act again.
public struct BoardWriteError: Error, Sendable, Equatable, CustomStringConvertible {
    /// An imperative human phrase for what was being attempted — "reorder card", "renumber
    /// children" — supplied by the call site, because only it knows what the user asked for.
    public let operation: String

    /// The file or folder involved. Absolute at this layer: the writer works in URLs and has no
    /// board root to be relative to (contrast `BoardLoadError.path`, which is root-relative).
    public let path: String

    public let reason: Reason

    public var description: String { "\(operation): \(path): \(reason.description)" }

    public enum Reason: Sendable, Equatable, CustomStringConvertible {
        /// The file is missing, is not UTF-8, or its frontmatter does not parse — `message`
        /// carries the specifics. A rewrite the app cannot round-trip is not attempted.
        case unreadable(message: String)

        /// The settled readable-but-uneditable refusal (01-storage-format.md § Frontmatter):
        /// the file loads and renders, but its frontmatter has a shape the surgical editor
        /// cannot address, so writing it would risk corruption. Names the shape.
        case uneditableFrontmatter(FrontmatterDocument.UneditableShape)

        /// Any I/O failure writing the temp file or renaming it into place — disk full,
        /// permissions, volume error. The destination still holds its previous bytes.
        case io(message: String)

        public var description: String {
            switch self {
            case let .unreadable(message):
                "unreadable: \(message)"
            case let .uneditableFrontmatter(shape):
                "frontmatter cannot be edited in place: \(shape.description)"
            case let .io(message):
                message
            }
        }
    }
}