# Exercise Visual System

Exercise visuals are produced by an **articulated 2D rig**: one shared stick
body posed per exercise by joint angles. Nothing is drawn by hand — a body
profile plus a motion script resolve through forward kinematics into every
frame, so figures are always in proportion, and the whole library can be
re-proportioned (male/female), flipped, rotated in-plane, or re-themed by
changing data, never artwork.

## The rig

- **`body.json`** — proportion profiles. Each profile is a table of bone
  lengths: `headR`, `neck`, `spine1`/`spine2` (two chained segments so the
  spine can curve), `upperArm`/`foreArm`, `thigh`/`shin`, plus `leftOffset`
  (the small offset that separates left-limb attachments visually).
  `neutral` is the default; add profiles to add figures.
- **`<Exercise>/motion.json`** — the exercise script: key frames of
  **absolute joint angles** (degrees, y-up: `0`=forward/right, `90`=up,
  `180`=back/left, `-90`=down), a `root` pelvis position, and timing.

```json
{
  "name": "Bird Dog",
  "primary": 2,                    // 1-based frame used for visual.svg
  "working": ["arm_r", "leg_l"],   // parts drawn in the accent color
  "hide": [],                      // limbs fully occluded in this view
  "frames": [
    {
      "hold": 0.5,                 // seconds held at this key frame
      "tween": 0.8,                // seconds animating to the NEXT frame
      "root": [190, 106],          // pelvis, canvas coords
      "spine": [171, 171],         // pelvis→mid, mid→neck angles
      "neck": 187, "gaze": 205,    // head direction; nose tick direction
      "arm_r": [-90, -90],         // upper-arm, forearm angles
      "arm_l": [-90, -90],
      "leg_r": [-83, 0],           // thigh, shin angles
      "leg_l": [-83, 0],
      "pins": {"hand_r": [105, 152], "hand_l": [111, 154]}
    }
  ]
}
```

- **Pins (IK)** — a planted hand/foot names a target point
  (`hand_r`/`hand_l`/`foot_r`/`foot_l`); the renderer solves the two-bone
  chain analytically so the extremity holds that point exactly, using the
  authored angles only to pick the elbow/knee bend direction. A pin active in
  two consecutive key frames stays planted *throughout the tween* (plank
  forearms, side-plank support arm); a pin present in only one frame releases
  naturally (bird-dog arm lifting off).
- **Tweening** happens in angle space (shortest path), so limbs swing in
  natural arcs and bone lengths never distort. The last frame tweens back to
  the first (looping). Asymmetric timing carries technique: leg raises lower
  slowly (`tween` 1.4 s down, 0.6 s up).
- **Face-on figures** — `gaze` is optional: a frame without it faces the
  viewer and draws no nose tick. Used by exercises whose motion is lateral
  (abductor/adductor), where a side view would hide the movement.

## The props layer

Machines and free weights are data too: an optional top-level `"props"` array
adds an equipment layer around the figure. `scene` shapes and `cable`s draw
*behind* the figure in a recessive gray; joint-attached items (`bar`,
`dumbbell`, `pad`) draw *over* the limbs in a darker gray and follow the
resolved hand/foot positions every frame — a pinned foot pressing a `pad`
carries the platform with it through the tween for free. The figure stays the
hero: props are schematic silhouettes (a seat, a backrest, one handle), never
scale drawings of the machine.

```json
"props": [
  {"type": "scene", "shapes": [
    {"kind": "line", "pts": [[134, 123], [96, 36]], "w": 9},
    {"kind": "rect", "x": 54, "y": 104, "w": 40, "h": 8, "r": 3},
    {"kind": "circle", "c": [142, 77], "r": 3.5, "fill": true, "color": "prop"}
  ]},
  {"type": "cable", "from": [190, 8], "to": ["hand_r", "hand_l"]},
  {"type": "bar", "at": ["hand_r", "hand_l"], "halfLen": 26, "plateR": 0},
  {"type": "dumbbell", "at": "hand_r"},
  {"type": "pad", "at": ["foot_r", "foot_l"], "angle": 88, "halfLen": 20, "w": 6}
]
```

- **`scene`** — static shapes in canvas coordinates: `line` (polyline, stroke
  width `w`), `circle` (`fill: false` for an outline), `rect` (filled, corner
  radius `r`). A shape may set `"color": "prop"` to use the darker
  attached-item gray (e.g. a fixed handle the hands rest on).
- **`cable`** — a thin line from a fixed anchor `from` to a moving joint `to`;
  the machine's pulley line.
- **`bar` / `dumbbell` / `pad`** — a segment centered on the joint(s) in
  `at` (a single extremity, or the midpoint of `["hand_r", "hand_l"]`).
  `bar` lies at a fixed world `angle` (default 0 = horizontal — in side view a
  two-handed bar is drawn horizontal by convention); `dumbbell` and `pad`
  default to perpendicular to the lower bone (forearm/shin), or take an
  explicit `angle`. `plateR` puts filled discs on both ends (dumbbells default
  to 4.5). A prop whose limb is hidden that frame simply isn't drawn.
- The same math is the plan for the app: a small SwiftUI renderer consumes
  `body.json` + `motion.json` and tweens angles on the lower half of the
  exercise screen (the paged timer flow occupies only the top half).

## The visual language

- **Right vs left limb** — the one rule that never bends: the figure's
  **right**-side limbs are dark (`#3a3f4b`), its **left**-side limbs are light
  (`#a9afba`) and drawn *behind* the body. Working limbs keep the split:
  right = teal `#0d9488`, left = light teal `#86cfc5`. Opposite-limb moves
  (bird dog, dead bug) read as visibly opposite: one dark-teal limb, one
  light-teal limb. `render.py` reference renders embed a small `R —` / `L —`
  legend for the rig author; the in-app renderer deliberately omits it — the
  labels are only anatomically true for right-facing figures, and the
  contrast alone carries the meaning.
- **Facing / front-of-torso** — the head carries a **nose tick** (`gaze`
  angle); the belly is on that side. Prone noses point at the floor, supine
  at the ceiling. The head is drawn last, filled opaque, so overhead arms
  pass behind the face.
- **Spine** — rendered as a smooth curve through pelvis → mid → neck; teal
  when the trunk is the working part.
- Canvas 320×180, ground line at y = 152. Limbs listed in `hide` are fully
  occluded in this view and not drawn.

## Rendering

```sh
cd "Exercise Library"
python3 render.py                 # all exercises: frames/*.svg, preview.gif, visual.svg
python3 render.py "Bird Dog"      # one exercise
python3 render.py --sheet         # + contact-sheet.png of every key frame
python3 render.py --demo          # + demo-sheet.png: profile / flip / theme variants
python3 render.py --figure=female # render with another body profile
python3 render.py --flip          # mirror the figure (faces the other way)
python3 render.py --export        # copy body.json + <Name>.motion.json + <Name>.info.md app resources
```

`render.py` needs only Pillow (for GIFs/sheets; the SVGs have no dependency).
The library lives at the repo root, outside every target's source folders —
same-named files per entry (`info.md`, `visual.svg`) would collide in Xcode's
flat resource copy, so the library itself never enters the app bundle. Only
the `--export` copies ship: `body.json` plus uniquely-named
`<Name>.motion.json` and `<Name>.info.md` files in
`Workouts/Resources/ExerciseMotions/`, consumed by the in-app SwiftUI renderer
(`Workouts/ExerciseFigure/`) and the exercise-library reference screen
(`ExerciseInfo.swift` parses the info pages). Re-run
`python3 render.py --export` after editing any motion or info page; the
library stays the source of truth.